News
- Informative
- Business
- Profitable
- Persuasion/Influence
- Entertainment
Over half of the printed press is owned by two billionaires. Thought brexit the posters they published where all red white and blue. Representing the war. Influencing a lot of people.
Papers can be the opinion of the writers or people being interviewed, papers are appearing less and less unbiased as time goes on, papers do not have to be biased. The BBC have signed an act to make their publications unbiased.
Printed press was first seen in the 1600s in Germany, first being printed in 1605.
UK required a license.
In the early days all newspapers were controlled by the government.
In the 1800s there was a rise in a new type of newspaper including statistics.
How news has developed as a media product?
Since the introduction of printed press in 1605, news has become much more accessible globally and so news as a media product is becoming less popular. Newspapers have seen and survived the mass introduction of radio and television. However, people can now make their own judgements and make their own minds up about topics they have the ability to see first hand. And through these advancements in technology are currently the reason news as a media product are becoming less and less popular.
How technology has shaped our access to news?
Technology has become far more accessible, not only in the way that people can consume the news, but also in the way that people can respond to the news. It has shaped the publics access to news in the way that much more peoples opinions are being heard, and much more peoples opinions are being shifted or changed.
The challenges to newspapers and their survival?
Newspapers have seen their audiences drop dramatically since the introduction of the internet in 1998. Other advancements in the past such as the first radio broadcast in 1906 and the invention of the television in 1927 were said to be end of newspapers. However, newspapers have never seen a drop in readers this big. Many newspapers are resorting to more entertainment way to attract to more people. I think within the next two or three decades, newspapers will very rare to find in any local newsagents.
Media Ownership
Lord Rothermere
Net Worth: $1.19 Billion
Mostly Inherited His Fortunes
Inherited The Daily Mail
6 Children
Has A History Degree
Owns The Metro
Born Into Fortune
Children
Rupert Murdoch
In order to answer this question, I am going to refer to both The Daily Mail newspaper cover and The Guardian newspaper cover. Newspapers do not have to publish unbiased opinions and whilst they are informative and business driven, there main aim is for the paper to be persuasion and influence. This means that there would be no hesitation to back the party which the magazine supports.
In order to answer this question, I will be referring to both The Times and the Daily Mirror from Tuesday 5th November, 2019. Both papers show different representations of gender. Whilst The Times are ever so slightly more progressive in the way they have an image of three females on the cover, the Daily Mirror have the genders there cover fit into roles and performances much like Van Zoonen suggests.
The Daily Mirror represents gender in quite a stereotypical way. In the top right hand corner, Rachel Riley is standing alongside her partner and fits into the gender performance stereotype, of which Van Zoonen argues. She is taking the role of the mother and sexual object standing alongside a taller, stronger male figure. This fits into Van Zoonen's gender theory very well as she argues that gender is a performance, and both of them fit into these role and performances. The Daily Mirror also depicts a section on sport, however it is only male sport depicted in the top left hand side of the page. The main headline also has an image right beside it, of Jeremy Corben. With only one of the people on this cover being female, Van Zoonen's argument which states todays world is very male dominated fits very well into the cover for the Daily Mirror.
On the other hand, The Times look as though they are much more progressive. This is because the main image on their cover is the image with three females dancing in water. This goes against Van Zoonen's argument slightly due to the fact that Van Zoonen's argument is that gender is a performance. The women in the image are their as a form of entertainment and thats where The Times are being quite progressive with this image. Stereotypically, its the males who entertain. Much like the Daily Mirror, The Times feature a story on sport and similarly the images included are of males competing in a male sport. Whilst there are elements to this cover that go against Van Zoonen's theory, the majority of the cover fits into her theory.
In conclusion, whilst both the covers have elements of Van Zoonen's theory, The Times are slightly more progressive as they include more females on their cover, but is still not completely diverse as the sport section only includes images of male sportsmen. This compares to the Daily Mirror cover in the way that Van Zoonen's theory argues about gender performance and the cover itself fits into that with relative ease.
Sources A and B cover the same news event but are from different genres of newspaper
How far has genre influenced the media language used in sources A and B
Apply the theory to both papers.
Media Ownership
Lord Rothermere
Born: 1967 (51 years old)
Net Worth: $1.19 Billion
Mostly Inherited His Fortunes
Inherited The Daily Mail
6 Children
Has A History Degree
Owns The Metro
Born Into Fortune
Children
Rupert Murdoch
Born: 1931 (88 years old)
Net Worth: $20.1 Billion
Founded News Corp
American living, Australian Born
6 Children
4 Times Married
Owns Over 150 Newspapers In Australia
CEO Of Fox Corporation
Owns The Sun
Owns The New York Post, And The Wall street Journal
Chairman Of Fox News
Gender Representation
Analyse the different gender representations in sources A and B.
Apply one appropriate theory of representation in the answer.
I am going to study both the Daily Mail front cover from 25th of June. And the Guardian cover from the same date. Both the newspaper covers represent gender in a similar way. The daily Mail cover has a distinct lack of females on it and the three females that are on the cover are in the background, whilst the men are all lined up at the front of the photograph. The guardian cover shows a female figure on the cover but it still as though the male, David Cameron, is in change and far more powerful. For this question I will use Van Zoonen's gender theory.
The Daily Mail cover shows a photograph of whats supposed to be 'the quite people' from what it says. However the representation of females are extremely limited. There are only three females in the crowd and all of them are across the back of the image. The men are the ones that take centre stage and are given a more powerful role. Van Zoonen argues that the media portrays females to reflect dominate social values. She believes that we live in a society ran by men for men which oppresses women. On many of the other Daily Mail newspaper covers, there are a distinct lack of females. This had been the case until the introduction of Teresa May. Her theory can be applied quite well to this cover as,like I mentioned before, there is a distinct lack of females on the image.
Van Zoonen argues that gender is a performance, this could be applied to the guardian cover as David Cameron's wife is standing quite far off to his left and looks as though she is looking up to him as he stands on the podium. This could be applied in the same way to David Cameron in the way that he is also putting on a performance, being a more powerful masculine figure in this image with far more power than his wife. The mies-en-sen for this image further suggests and can be applied to Van Zoonen's theory due to the fact that they are standing outside number ten. The lines at the top of the image do not mention any women by name either. This shows that Van Zoonen's theory can be applied quite correctly to this cover of the Guardian. In similarity to the cover from the Daily Mail, the main miss-en-scen colour scheme is red white and blue. This is something that you would expect from the Daily Mail, as quite a patriarchal newspaper. However for the guardian, its a lot more subtle. The guardian's cover photo has depicted David Cameron in a blue suit. This connotes to power, confidence, and
wealth. However his facial expression makes him look quite venerable as he stands on the podium pretty much all alone.
In conclusion, The Guardian newspaper shows a staged image planned to make David Cameron look venerable and isolated. This shows juxtaposition in the form of they way the rise-en-scen for the image is set out to look like he is the most powerful man in the country. Whilst, in contrast the Daily Mail newspaper is supposed to be representing 'the quiet people of Britain' in the Historic Edition of the Daily Mail, whilst only including three females on the cover. Theoretically, the Daily Mail is writing women out of history. This could be applied to Van Zoonen's theory in the way that she argues that masculine figures in the news are there to oppress and dominate women.
Explain how the political context in which newspapers are produced, influences their ownership and regulation. Refer to The Guardian and The Daily Mail newspapers bellow.
In order to answer this question, I am going to refer to both The Daily Mail newspaper cover and The Guardian newspaper cover. Newspapers do not have to publish unbiased opinions and whilst they are informative and business driven, there main aim is for the paper to be persuasion and influence. This means that there would be no hesitation to back the party which the magazine supports.
The Daily Mail cover is quite clearly pro Boris and therefore is swaying more toward the conservative party. The Daily Mail have not hidden any bias towards how there are backing, you could argue that owning a newspaper is a way to influence the British public. Something which was defiantly present in the Brexit vote. The relationship between the editor and owner of The Daily Mail is very strong and therefore has an extremely strong influence on what ends up on the cover. The Guardian is, however, run by the Scott Trust. This ownership arguably gives journalists more freedom and will have less influence from higher up the hierarchy. Influence in favour of the labor party and Jeremy Corbyn is clearly shown on the cover of The Guardian and therefore its still is trying to either target people who support Labor or people who are still undecided. Any profits made are reinvested back into the trust.
In conclusion, there are a number of factors affecting the relationship between political contexts, ownership, and newspaper regulations. There is such a importance on freedom of the press, the relationship between the newspaper and political parties, and democracy.
In conclusion, there are a number of factors affecting the relationship between political contexts, ownership, and newspaper regulations. There is such a importance on freedom of the press, the relationship between the newspaper and political parties, and democracy.
Analyse the different representations in sources A and B.
Use Van Zoonen's gender theory to help answer.
In order to answer this question, I will be referring to both The Times and the Daily Mirror from Tuesday 5th November, 2019. Both papers show different representations of gender. Whilst The Times are ever so slightly more progressive in the way they have an image of three females on the cover, the Daily Mirror have the genders there cover fit into roles and performances much like Van Zoonen suggests.
The Daily Mirror represents gender in quite a stereotypical way. In the top right hand corner, Rachel Riley is standing alongside her partner and fits into the gender performance stereotype, of which Van Zoonen argues. She is taking the role of the mother and sexual object standing alongside a taller, stronger male figure. This fits into Van Zoonen's gender theory very well as she argues that gender is a performance, and both of them fit into these role and performances. The Daily Mirror also depicts a section on sport, however it is only male sport depicted in the top left hand side of the page. The main headline also has an image right beside it, of Jeremy Corben. With only one of the people on this cover being female, Van Zoonen's argument which states todays world is very male dominated fits very well into the cover for the Daily Mirror.
On the other hand, The Times look as though they are much more progressive. This is because the main image on their cover is the image with three females dancing in water. This goes against Van Zoonen's argument slightly due to the fact that Van Zoonen's argument is that gender is a performance. The women in the image are their as a form of entertainment and thats where The Times are being quite progressive with this image. Stereotypically, its the males who entertain. Much like the Daily Mirror, The Times feature a story on sport and similarly the images included are of males competing in a male sport. Whilst there are elements to this cover that go against Van Zoonen's theory, the majority of the cover fits into her theory.
In conclusion, whilst both the covers have elements of Van Zoonen's theory, The Times are slightly more progressive as they include more females on their cover, but is still not completely diverse as the sport section only includes images of male sportsmen. This compares to the Daily Mirror cover in the way that Van Zoonen's theory argues about gender performance and the cover itself fits into that with relative ease.
Sources A and B cover the same news event but are from different genres of newspaper
How far has genre influenced the media language used in sources A and B
Answer must:
- Outline genre conventions in British newspapers
- Analyse the contrasting use media language in the sources
- Make judgements and reach conclusions about how far genre has influenced the media language used
The two newspapers (sources A and B) are different genres of newspaper covering on the same story, the floods in and throughout the UK. The Metro is more of a tabloid newspaper as it uses golf font, bright colour for the masthead, and a compact page format. However, the Metro does have some tendencies to break away from that mould and can sometimes go into more of broadsheet newspaper. The Independent newspaper is a broadsheet newspaper, this is communicated by the way of limited colour, a more serious tone, and broadsheet tend to be bigger than tabloids.
The Metro, being the tabloid newspaper, features more than one image and has two 'main' photos on their cover. The overall layout is much like you would expect from a magazine page because of the coloured stylistic font as well as limited information on the recent flooding. The main headline for this newspaper is 'Heckle & Hide', suggesting the Metro were not taking themselves to seriously. A common theme for tabloid newspapers. On the other hand, The Independent has a single 'main image'. This tackles the flooding issue head-on as they seem much more reluctant the shy away from the though subjects. The headline for this cover is "Tories 'running scared' on fake spending figures", further showing that the terminology used in The Independent is much more sophisticated than the tabloid Metro newspaper.
The Metro and their layout of the newspaper represents the themes of other tabloid newspapers. This automatically implies that the media language used on this cover is much more simplistic, which suggests that the Metro and far less likely to go in depth about the more serious subjects, such as the flooding. However the Independent will take a more formal approach and will use more sophisticated media language in order to appeal to a high brow audience.
In conclusion the difference in genres between both these newspapers, have a big effect on their use of media language. Broadsheets are more likely to tackle issues head on and use much more sophisticated langue, in order to appeal to more educated and intellecual audience. In comparison, tabloid newspapers go with a much more design driven approach, often using colour a lot more than Broadsheets and using more simplistic language.
The Metro, being the tabloid newspaper, features more than one image and has two 'main' photos on their cover. The overall layout is much like you would expect from a magazine page because of the coloured stylistic font as well as limited information on the recent flooding. The main headline for this newspaper is 'Heckle & Hide', suggesting the Metro were not taking themselves to seriously. A common theme for tabloid newspapers. On the other hand, The Independent has a single 'main image'. This tackles the flooding issue head-on as they seem much more reluctant the shy away from the though subjects. The headline for this cover is "Tories 'running scared' on fake spending figures", further showing that the terminology used in The Independent is much more sophisticated than the tabloid Metro newspaper.
The Metro and their layout of the newspaper represents the themes of other tabloid newspapers. This automatically implies that the media language used on this cover is much more simplistic, which suggests that the Metro and far less likely to go in depth about the more serious subjects, such as the flooding. However the Independent will take a more formal approach and will use more sophisticated media language in order to appeal to a high brow audience.
In conclusion the difference in genres between both these newspapers, have a big effect on their use of media language. Broadsheets are more likely to tackle issues head on and use much more sophisticated langue, in order to appeal to more educated and intellecual audience. In comparison, tabloid newspapers go with a much more design driven approach, often using colour a lot more than Broadsheets and using more simplistic language.
Gilroy's Theory
'Us' and 'them' approach
'Us' and 'them' approach
Apply the theory to both papers.
Gilroy's theory plays on the fact that people and their nostalgia toward a post-colonial wold influences some of the mainstream media. This includes newspapers and their covers which use the concept of the post-colonial melancholia to draw attention to the continuing role of colonial ideology. The theory can be applied to these two newspaper covers with general post-colonial representations featuring on both these newspapers.
On the Daily Mail front cover, the headline states, 'New blitz on freed jihadis'. This uses post colonial melancholia with the terminology of the Blitz linking to wartime and the attacks on London. This is also evident in the Sun's newspaper cover. This headline has the terminology of hero's which again links to the world war and plays on the nostalgia toward a post-colonial world. The Daily Mail cover links to Gilroy's 'us' and 'them' approach with the terror attacks happening and doesn't sugar coat some of the hard hitting facts. The Daily Mail also links to the fear mongering that the media nowadays are relentlessly being accused of. The whole idea of the Blitz of London was an extremely scary and vulnerable time for most people and therefore using this language would fear people and make them feel uneasy. The Sun is another newspaper which is playing on peoples nostalgia from world war two with some of the terminology used for their heading. This links to the 'us' and 'them' approach because of the World War melancholia linking to the ideology of Heroes and saviours.
Target Audience
Daily Mail -
59% women.
Average Age 59.
62% ABC1, mostly C1
Majority live in the south-east
Mainstreams - Like minded people
Resigned - Believes in traditions they trust
Succeeders - High social status
The Guardian -
More educated
44% aged 55+
50/50 gender split
75% ABC
'Progressive' audience
Explorers - Likes to descover new things
Reformers - Socialy aware
Succeeders - High social status
Print News
L/O; To explain the process and purpose of the printed news industry
Production
Why are they expensive to produce?
- Require a large amount of material
- Employ many highly trained staff
How has technology changed the traditional approach?
- Printed in colour
- Satellite and internet, time required for a story has changed
DistributionWhy are they expensive to distribute?
- Have to be physically transported, transport costs
- Need to be in outlets from early morning
How to lessen the cost?
- Printed locally
- Online can be global and cheaper
- Free papers e.g. The Metro, make money through advertising
Marketing
How do they promote their papers?
- Advertising - TV, Social Media, Sister Papers
- Synergy deals with other companies
- Exclusives
Circulation
- Number of copies DISTRIBUTED, not sold
Ownership
Three types of ownership models for print newspapers in the UK.
1.) Media Barrens - owned by wealthy individuals [Rupert Murdoch]
2.) Trusts - transfers the funds from the owner to the 'trustee' to manage and control the ruling of the paper (Owner has far less control over what is said in the paper)
3.) Cross-Media Converged Conglomerate - Global institution that own numerous media outlets. (Could be owned by Media Barrens) [Lord Rothermere]
All the national newspapers are owned by 7 companies
60% of newspapers in the UK are owned by two companies
Economic models and funding
Newspapers are still contribute largely to the Uk's economy
Ways of funding -
Circulation sales
14.3 million daily newspaper readers
81% of papers revenue comes from print sales
Advertising
Cost of a full page colour advert in the daily mail costs £30,000
Print readers 75% more likely to read print adverts
Subscriptions
Memberships
Reader Donations
Traditional funding needs to be reviewed
Possible funding strategies;
Government or public funding
Philanthropy - Giving / donating money to causes
Grater focus of payment from online access
Pooled reporting to reduce costs of journalists
Use of freelance agencies
Technological Developments
The relationship between audiences and owners have been getting worse since 1980
Technology Introduced
1980s - Computers, Printers & DTP Programs
Effects On Owners & Audiences
Quicker and cheaper to make newspapers. More newspapers distributed because they could make more of them. Owner control on a mass scale.
Technology Introduced
1990s - The Internet
Effects On Owners & Audiences
Allows a platform to source news stories for audiences and newspapers. More competition for newspapers. Audiences where allowed to source their own news online. (Not just from newspapers)
Technology Introduced
2000s - Broadband, Web 2.0, Smartphones & Tablets, HD Digital Cameras, Apps
Effects On Owners & Audiences
Advantages Of Internet News
- Reduces environmental costs
- Reduces global costs
- Allows global reach
- The Proliferation of technology
The owners / funding models
circulation figures
Advertising costs
sales figures for the last 5 years
online website
online options; revenue
Case Studies
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/five-reasons-why-we-don-t-have-free-and-independent-press-in-uk-and-what-we-can-do-about/
Five reasons why we dont have a free and indepandent press in the UK and what we can do about it
- Billionaires that own these newspapers contol what stories are covered and how they are covered
- Editorial indipendence dosnt exisist in these papers
- Advertising censors some of the content
- Privately educated white men dominate the media
- 54% of the nations 'top 100 media proffecinals' attened private school
- Women are heavily under-represented
- The political use of supposedly neutral sources
Print News
L:O/ Explore news values, bias, and regulation of printed news
News gathering
Using press agencies, Identity key facts when big stories happen. Report fact without any bias/opinion. Newspaper can re-shape any story based on their values.
DMG media and News UK are shareholders. (They will get the same story for less price).
Newspaper magazines can look completely different with the same stories based on the way the newspapers are swayed.
The Gatekeeper can withhold information on the grounds of harming the public, powerful people, or an on going court case.
Could harm the owner of the newspaper and so won't run the story.
News Values
Showing with stories newspapers value
Balance of informing the audience and what sells
Indicates that the news is Socially Constructed
12 most significant news values (UK daily press)
- frequency
- threshold (size of the event)
- unambiguity
- manfulness
- consonance
- unexpectedness
- continuity
- composition
- reference to elite nations
- reference to elite persons
- personalisation
- negativity
The audience's tastes are highly influential
- Meaningfulness
- Frequency
- Negativity
- Reference to elite nations
- Threshold
- Continuity
- Composition
- Negativity
- Frequency
- Reference to elite persons
- Continuity
- Reference to elite persons
- Personalisation
- Reference to elite persons
- Personalisation
- Negative
- Meaningfulness
- Negative
- Frequency
- Continuity
Political Bias
The Uk Press is considered to have a 'free press'.
This is because its not controlled by the government.
The Fourth Estate - Newspapers have a role in safeguarding the public (Public Protectors)
Examples - The MP expenses scandal, released by the newspapers fro the public.
However this doesn't happen vary often now because of the close links the owners have with politicians
The Sun switched from famously right wing to the labour party and claimed they swayed the election
HOMOGENOUS - The same
Means that all the newspapers are showing a specific viewpoint one way and thats re-enforced by other newspapers
PLURARITY - Presenting different views
The Daily Mail and the Sun make up 60% of the UK's news (Very Homogenous)
Both papers run by billionaire media barrens
Both newspapers support and reflect the values of the conservative party
L/O; To explore the regulation of printed news
Regulation can be controlled through the government or independent authority
Two main arguments for and against regulating the printed press -
For - News industry already has to much political power over the British public, there is no freedom of speech anyway. Is not in the public interest
Against - Wouldn't be in the public interest. Would effect freedom of speech.
Recent events has put regulation at the top of the agenda
The press at the moment is self-regulated, neither an independent body nor a government legislation. Regulated by the editors that work for that paper.
One of the main problems is the newspapers being punished and fined AFTER publishing something they shouldn't, however the information is already out there.
The Leveson Inquiry (2011)
(Phone Hacking Scandal)
- Questionable ways of obtaining news, through hacking celebrities and high profile peoples phones
As a result, there where two new regulatory bodies were established -
IPSO -
- Doesn't have official regulatory status
- Funded by its members
- Can make complaints towards IPSO with it going to court
- Papers can opt-out of being a member of IPSO
- Not run by the editors, and therefor is independent
- Conflict of interest (ISPO talk bad about their members, the members can pull out and reduce funding for IPSO)
IMPRESS -
- Its the Leveson compliant regulator
- Commercially independent from the news industry
- Editors see this as a way for the government to control the freedom of the press (Government interference)
- Have no conflict of interest
Ownership and Competition Laws
(Regulated by the Communications Act)
- The Enterprise Act (To prevent one media type or voice having too much influence) - Government can intervene in order to stop plurarity
- OFCOM recommended reviews of mergers between cross-media companies and news owners every 4/5 years in the UK
(every 4/5 years theres a review to make sure no one has too much influence)
- Plurality and competition is regulated by the 20/20 rule.
Exam Style questions
Explain how the political context in which newspapers are produced influences their ownership and regulation. Refer to two case studies. [10 MARKS]
Newspapers are made to inform and entertain the public, however some people have put into question the real purpose of newspapers and their headlines in the current political climate. Now more than ever, newspaper ownership and press regulation has been called into question. More and more people are increasingly concerned with the influence that ownership has on the newspapers they see/read and the influence that has on swaying peoples political stance. For instance it is said that Media Barrens such as Lord Rothermere, who owns The Daily Mail, has too much influence on what news stories are covered and how these stories portray different political parties. The current regulation rules in place, thanks to The Enterprise Act of 2002, means that media barrens are allowed to have too much power before the government step in. An good example of this is when Lord Rothermere tried to buy Sky, however the government stepped in and interrupted the takeover due to the current stranglehold Rothermere has over the current press media.
In terms of ownership, over half of the newspapers are owned by two media barrens with both of them reflecting the views and values of the conservative party. This could suggest that the current regulation in place is not doing enough to stop honmogunes newspapers share values their ownership has and reflect these values in their newspapers. On the other hand, The Guardian are owned and funded by a trust and therefore can be more free with the stories they cover. The Guardian still have there own political bias which they portray, however on a much smaller scale - 20 Min.
The current political context has influenced regulation with the introduction of ISPO after the phone hacking scandal of 2011. ISPO was introduce to respond to public concerns surrounding the press, however ISPO is funded by its members, and its members are newspapers that choose to become a member. This could constitute to a conflict of interest between them and the newspapers that are members. If they talk bad about their members, those papers will no longer be member and will no longer fund ISPO.
In conclusion, ownership is becoming evermore song in the British press and current regulation acts might not stop media barrens portray partnerships with the political parties they stand by.
OWNERSHIP AND FUNDING
Daily Mail
- The Daily Mail was founded in 1896
- (Media Barren funding model) Published by DMG media, DMGT manages a multinational portfolio. DMGT is owned by Lord Rothermere (He is the controlling shareholder, he has more say)
- Print circulation of 1.2 million people
- Main source of funding = circulation sales and advertising
- Colour adverts costs £181 per single column cm, £30,000 per full colour page adverts
- 2015 sales figures = 1.68 million sales, 2016 = 1.58m, 2017 = 1.51m, 2018 = 1.34m, 2019 = 1.24m
- Alternative revenue options include more advertising, Making the paper smaller with less colour, and move over to technology with getting people to subscribe to that website in order to access that news (Increased profit from The Mail Online) (Daily Mail TV)
- Daily Mail has changed in the last ten years through its online presents. Its also changed the stories to appeal to a tabloid audience focusing on referring to elite persons rather than meaningfulness. Price has increased as recently as 2018 when the price went from 60p to 70p very recently. Had a printing facility which was closed to reduce production costs.
The Guardian
- The Guardian was founded in 1821 as the Manchester Guardian, chasing its name as late as 1959 to The Guardian
- Published by the Guardian Media Group (GMG) which is owned by the Scott Trust. It was set up to protect the paper from one single owner
- Main source of funding = circulation sales and advertising
- Color display adverts costs £90 per single column
- 130,000 circulation as of 2019
- Reduced production costs, reduced the size of the paper as well as reducing the price to £2.20
- 2015 sales figures = 185,000, 2016 = 164,000, 2017 = 156,000, 2018 = 152,000, 2019 = 141,000
- Alternative revenue options include more advertising, Making the paper smaller with less colour, and move over to technology with getting people to subscribe to that website in order to access that news
- Lowest print circulation of all its competitors, could mean that the target audience is younger and will go online. They are tech savvy and are more likely to switch to online. More concerned about the environment and so wont buy a paper.
Daily Mail
- They say they reach 70% of the UK population
- Daily Mail prioritises include negativity, threshold, personalisation, and reference to elite persons (Hybrid newspaper)
- Daily Mails political bias stands as a right wing bias, reflecting the values of the conservative party (Hybrid newspaper of tabloid and broadsheet)
- Values and ideologies portrayed that of a conservative stance
- Daily Mail have a very sensationalist reporting style, like to pick apart the royals and like to report on celebrity gossip/scandals
- Regulated by IPSO (Paying member)
- Recent complaints = There use of hyperbole and sensationalist language. IPSO looking into 17 cases (only two have been upheld), most of them breaches of privacy and intrusion. And the other being breaches of accuracy.
The Guardian
- Stated by the Scott Trust, its mission statement, "secure the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of The Guardian free from commercial or political interference"
- Threshold, composition and personalisation are the values that the Guardian prioritises
- Left-wing political stance (not as left wing as Daily Mail are right wing)
- Ideologies Conveyed are reference to elite countries, Negativity, and Frequency
- They report in the way of interest in the interest of the people
- The Guardian have opted out of IPSO and IMPRESS, because they say that it impacts the freedom of the press. They self regulate, with two independent bodies. They have had to face the government in the past based of sources and where they get them from.
Apply Theory
Discuss the usefulness and limitations of the following theories to news industries:
- Curran & Seaton
- Hesmondhalgh
- Livingstone & Hunt
Use case studies to support ideas.
Curran & Seaton
Power and media industries
Three different parts
1. Patterens in ownership and control are important in how the media functions
2. Media industries are capitalist and aim to increase concern of ownership; leads to narrowing of potions represented in the press affecting plurality
3. Owners persuade profit at the expense of quality creativity
Daily Mail
1. Patterns in the ownership being that of the Rotheremere family for over 100 yrs
2. Current market share of DMG reenforced right wing political agenda to a wide audience
3. Support populist reporting the relies on sensationalist or personalised stories
The Guardian
1. Historicaly owned by the scott trust. Even though its really different to the mail still represent patterns of ownership
2. The Guardian shows they aim to provide a voice of the different alternative. Provide different alternative. Could suggest they are less capitalist than other media outlets,
3. Exactly what the Guardian aim to guard against.
Hesmondhalgh
Cultural Industies
Two different parts
1. Cultural industries follow capitalist patterned of increasing concentration and integration so production is owned and controlled by a few conglomerates
2, Rick is seen in terms of loss of money. Risk his high because production costs are high
Daily Mail
DMGT as a parent company to DMG media (news subsidiary)
Increase digital outlets and reducing printing plants to helps reduce risks
The Guardian
Supports it in the way they are struggling to survive in a competitive market because they are not a global conglomarate
Reducing his because they are going online and identifying other revenue streams
Livingstone and Lunt
Regulation
Costumers are individuals who seek private benefits from the media and require regulation to protect them. Citizens are scoria but seek social or public benefited of the mediated rein public regulation to promote public interest
Daily Mail
Member of IPSO already been 17 cases against them
The Guardian
They self regulate, they will protect whistle blowers if its in the public interest. Protect their sources and run the stories if in the public interest
Audiences
Demographics
Daily Mail
- 59% Women
- Average Age = 59
- 62% ABC1, mostly C1
- Majority live in the south-east
The Guardian
- 44% aged 55+
- 50/50 gender split
- 75% ABC
- 'Progressive' audience
Physchographics
Daily Mail
- Mainstreams - Like minded people
- Resigned - Believes in traditions they trust
- Succeeders - High social status
The Guardian
- Explorers - Likes to descover new things
- Reformers - Socialy aware
- Succeeders - High social status
Hobbies and Interests
Daily Mail
The Guardian
What issues would they be aware of
Daily Mail
- Current issues regarding the Coronavirus
- Issues regarding the royal family
- More sensationalist / celebrity news
The Guardian
- More Environmental issues
What do they do with their disposable income
Daily Mail
The Guardian
- Travel (
How they access media
Daily Mail
- Mostly by purchasing a newspaper
The Guardian
- Extremely heavy online users and access to online media
Films/Docs/Magazines/Music/Sites they like
Daily Mail
- Older demographic so quite nostalgic.
- Would not be online as much as the Guardian readers
The Guardian
- Tech Savvy, on social media websites a lot of the time
What type of stories would appeal to them
Daily Mail
- Stories referring to elite persons
- Sensationalist stories
The Guardian
- Environmental stories
- Stories in reference to technological advancements
https://advertising.theguardian.com/advertising/media-kit
Target Audience
Audience Profiling
Can be done in three ways -
Demographics
Psychometrics (VALs)
Type; Mass or Niche
Print news audiences
- Mass audience
- 51% male
- 55+ most likely
- 57% millennials
- middle class (28%), working class (27%)
- (VALs) Aspireers, Mainstreamers, Reformers, the Resigned, and Succeeders
Harpcup's news values
- The Power Elite (Stories involving powerful individuals, organisations or institutions)
- Celebrity
- Entertainment
- Surprise
- Bad News
- Good News
- Magnitude (stories with large impact)
- Relevance
- Follow-up
- Newspaper Agenda
- The Power Elite
- Celebrity
- Entertainment
- Relevence
- Newspaper Agenda?
- Celebrity
- Surprise
-Relevence
- The Power elite
- Relevence
- Follow-up
Daily Mail (Trageting Audiences)
Price - Affordable to ABC
Cross-Platform Advertising -
Promotional Offers - Range Of Companies e.g. Weight Watchers
Subscriptions - Range Of Subscription Packages
Sponsorship -
Partnership Marketing - Offer Many Saving With Global Savings Group In Various Retilers
The Guardian (Trageting Audiences)
Price - Affordable To ABC
Cross-Platform Advertising -
Promotional Offers - Range Of Offers Linked To Supplements; 30% Off Books At Bookshop
Subscriptions - Range Of Subscription Packages And Donations
Sponsorship - Deals With UNICEF, Unilever & Philips; Sponsored Glastonbury Festival
Partnership Marketing - Partnership Marketing: Contract With Yahoo Enabling Global Reach
Ryan, where is the Media language lesson?
ReplyDelete